Glucosamine is an amino sugar in the group of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates. It is one of the most abundant monosaccharides in nature and is found in bacteria, fungi, plants and vertebrates. In humans, glucosamine is an important structural component of bones, joints and cartilage.

Chondroitin is an organic compound belonging to the group of glucosaminoglycans. It is a chain of alternating sugar molecules with more hundred elements that occurs naturally in the human body as well. The combination of chondroitin and certain mineral salts makes chondroitin sulphate, a polysaccharide found in living organisms, an important structural component of cartilage tissue, a basic constituent of the intercellular structure of cartilage tissue and an important component of joint metabolism.

Dimethylsulfone or methylsulfonylmethane (MSM for short) is an organosulfur compound, present in all living organisms. It is a chemically neutral, colourless, solid due to the sulphonyl functional group. It is found in its natural form in some fresh fruits, vegetables, fish and cereals, milk, tea and coffee preparations. However, MSM content is reduced during processing and heating.

The hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, hyaluronate) is a natural big molecular carbohydrate which can be found in all tissues. In the human body it mostly has a water-binding role. In the joints and muscles it has a lubricating function.

Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth. It is a grey, lustrous, semi-metallic substance. It is essential for living cells and can be found in many plants, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, spinach, rice and bamboo, in a form that can be used by the human body. The average human body contains 1.4 g of silicon. It is mostly found in connective tissues, bones, cartilage and skin. It plays an important role in the structure of connective tissues, making the body's tissues extremely elastic.

The green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) is native to New Zealand, has a distinctive dark green/brownish shell, and can grow to 240 mm in length. New Zealand green mussels are considered the best source of glucosamine, glycosaminoglycans, which are the building blocks of articular cartilage and synovial fluids, but are also rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. It has important biological and physiological functions and all the positive properties of glucosamine and is therefore widely used in medicine.

Curcuma or turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant cultivated in India and Indonesia. Its root is canaliculate. Inside it has an orange, pulpy consistency. In temperate zones turmeric can not be grown in the garden. In the 1870s chemists noticed that the orange colored curcuma root changed its color to red due to alkali. This recognition led to the development of ˝curcuma paper˝ which was widely used in chemical analysis as an indicator of acidity and alkalinity at the end of the 19th century. Later litmus paper took over this task.

In European and American cuisine turmeric is relatively new, but it has a rich history in its homeland India where its well known and has been consumed for thousands of years. Curcuma enriches not only cuisine, but also herbal medicine. In India's traditional Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric is a symbol of wealth. They thought it cleans the whole body. Traditional Chinese doctors also use it. Curcuma has been valued for thousands of years in India because of its benefits, so it is not surprising that most research was conducted there, exploring the main ingredient - the curcumin. Turmericor curcuma has a pleasant taste and aroma but tastes bitter in large quantities.

A silver-grey trace element belonging to the transition metals. Naturally occurring manganese compounds were used as dyes in prehistoric times. 90% of the extracted manganese is used in steel production, making it an economically important element. Manganese is a constituent of many enzymes and cardinal for photosynthesis, so biologically important. The human body contains between 10 and 20 mg of manganese, which is stored in the bones, among other things. It is essential for the physiological functioning of many processes in the human body and is necessary for the proper functioning of several important enzymes. Manganese contributes to the maintenance of normal bones and the normal formation of connective tissue.

Vitamin C is probably the best known vitamin and belongs to the group of water-soluble vitamins. While most animals can synthesize their own vitamin needs, humans must resort to dietary sources. Nutrients of animal sources contain very little Vitamin C, while green plants and fruit provide most of our vitamin C supply. Some plants contain particularly large quantities, for example 1-2 % of the dry weght of rosehip is vitamin C. In its pure form, Vitamin C was first isolated by Albert Szent-Györgyi who found it in adrenal glands in 1928. In 1931, he identified them in lemon juice and bonnet pepper. Szent-Györgyi was awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery in 1937.

Main natural sources

Citrus fruit, berries, green and leafy vegetables, tomato and pepper.

Vitamin C contributes to our energy-producing metabolic processes, to the maintenance of normal psychological function, to the operation of the nervous and the immune systems. It also helps the formation of collagen and because of this, it maintains healthy skin, blood vessels, cartilage, bones, teeth and gums. It helps reduce fatigue, contributes to regenerating the reduced form of vitamin E and increases the absorption of iron. It contributes to the protection of cells against oxidative stress, and to the normal function of our immune system during or after intense exercise.

Vitamin D belongs to the group of fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin D3 is produced from the dehydrocholesterol produced by the liver by the action of sunlight on the skin. Vitamin D is formed when sunlight hits skin. Ultraviolet rays convert the steroids within the skin to vitamin D. The kidneys and the liver complete the positive effect of the ultraviolet rays and give the opportunity for vitamin D to exert its activity and to transform into its active form. Some prefer to consider vitamin D as a hormone - one of those substances which is produced by the endocrine glands.

Main natural sources

Fish oil, sardines, herring, tuna, salmon, milk and diary products.

Vitamin D helps maintain normal calcium level in blood and the normal absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphor. Phosphor is involved in the maintenance of healthy bone structure. Vitamin D plays a role in cell division, helps the maintenance of healthy muscles, bones and teeth. It also helps the normal function of the immune system.

It is a fat-soluble vitamin. In its natural from, Vitamin K2 can be found in food produced by bacterial fermentation, for instance in aged cheese. It can also be found in food of animal origin, for example goose liver, goose thigh and chicken liver. Vitamin K has a role in normal blood clotting and healthy bones.

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